The scenario of international migration.
1 .- International migration and globalization. General ideas.
The approach to international migration is an issue that can be considered from multiple points of view, one very plain would be like these:
Movements involving a change for the individual political-administrative environment. relatively durable social and cultural, or otherwise, any permanent change of residence involving the disruption of a place and its reorganization in another. [1]
From a broader perspective and more than just moving people from one place to another, international migration processes are also recognized as belonging to another of greater significance as globalization.
But regardless of the views to be taken, are those of regional or global perspective, we have theoretically the various social science disciplines and the authors have produced models that attempt to give an explanation, prediction and solution to the migration process.
Examine each one of them would be extensive and that is not our purpose here, so that their mere utterance in the classification of most prevalent positions worth but bring it up, because the multiplicity of existing models we can easily infer that international migration are intricate processes, where variables come into play particularly something as inscrutable as are intimate and personal choices of immigrants (common and generally considered active participants in the immigration act) to the complex networks that promote and facilitate international transfers, policies nation-states, the conditions posed by the global economy, environmental issues, and in any case involve the individual, institutions, countries or regions that interact with this phenomenon.
So. to explain the migration process are the classic theoretical model of the British scholar George Ravestein. Push and Pull theory, while to determine the causes of migration are cited among others: market theory and work of Michael Todazo George Borjas, the dual labor market theory, Marxist theories, and theories interdependence, global market [2], these theorems are postures and sociologists, demographers and political scientists have developed.
But considering international migration as part of globalization. first of all we must then admit that globalization and international stage where they develop, and then try to briefly describe to us a broader and more comprehensive vision of the work referred. For this we say that globalization has been most discussed, very ambiguously defined by many scholars who study international relations and related sciences. But outside the conceptual intense and unending debate of globalization and its impact, we must “implies first of all and first expansion of the social, political and economic trasnfronterizas, so that events, decisions and activities in a region the world can have significance for individuals and communities in distant regions of the planet. ‘”
Without any concept and intuitively, we can perceive as a series of interconnections through which can be linked to multiple causes and effects of human reason in the world and whose dynamics is developed at the same time all over the world. Thanks to a most important aspects in the history of mankind since the second half of last century until today, which is nothing more exciting than the technical-scientific development, with applications to the invention and improvement of transportation and telecommunications, and highest incidence since the eighties when we witness wars television broadcasts live, or attend the birth of the global network known as the Internet, video conference connection, or unfortunately closely experience the consequences of actions of criminal groups operating networks around the world, to name a few facets of globalization.
We also see that are created rough and Green Card Lottery information networks that allow point of view of migration, many have seen and known by the attractiveness of certain areas or countries in the world where they are exported continuously living standards, opportunities and values that drive people to look outside their homes what they lack in-house.
Globalization has been characterized by the “Emergence of a global production process and Financial Markets, The Emergence of a new regional and Transnational Political Entities like NAFTA, the European Union together …,( With The erosion in the Sovereignty of the nation – states) “’0. has allowed the establishment of an international stage or “fundamentally interconnected global order, marked by intense exchange patterns and models defined by power, hierarchy and inequality”. “This lays the groundwork necessary for migration from an area are exercised geographic region to another, according to forces which act to attract or push and constantly stimulate circulation or movement of people.
So contemporary international migration are those that begin to develop after the cessation of arms of the Second World War, remaining in the half century and especially in his last two decades, showing very similar characteristics to those of globalization, as the process from which they arise. Thus we have:
A) The migrations have a global reach, because although the consolidation with varying intensity at the local, regional or intercontinental. They are certainly a phenomenon that occurs to and from anywhere in the world, encouraged, facilitated and enabled by the interconnection of networks, channels, and media and communication, as well as the dynamics of the global economic system that liberalizes investment, like fluidity in the movement of goods, financial cuantiosísimos instantly moves from side to side of the planet, generating international services markets and in any case are accompanied human resources aimed at strengthening them.
B) There is some migration pattern linking the countries receiving immigrants on those areas which have had an influence, either by common history, warring economic ties or relationships such as: the flows to European countries, contingent whose origins are mostly coincide with those countries that were once colonies. Another example is the immigration of Koreans and Chinese to Japan today Asian economic and technological center and during a historical tour are ancient peoples who have been closely linked to trade as well as conflict and war, through periods in which have alternated in the roles of dominator and dominated. To conclude: the migration of Central Americans and Americans to the United States as the world power in their own continent diligence has been exercised over the policy also known in the rest of the planet: the introduction of its hegemonic power.
C) Enter the host countries of immigrants and issuers there is usually an interaction that is established in terms of inequality, due to the configuration of certain areas of the world financial centers, economic, technological versus those mired in underdevelopment areas, political instability, social and armed conflict.
They are the classic imbalance between north and south center and periphery, which conclude with the establishment of a free play between the forces of attraction and / or expulsion that make the movement of people arises from disadvantaged areas into spaces considered growth , prosperity and peace.
2 .- Sovereignty.
When analyzing the international situation since these theoretical positions have said so far we are roughly in the presence of a globalized world and therefore, “has gone the traditional distinction and separation between the domestic sphere and international level. The phenomenon of interdependence … has forced the state to be increasingly open to the outside, which has further increased the interdependence and restricted degree of autonomy “[3].
For the supporters of theories of globalization, the only actors in international relations are not only states but also other local and national or international bodies such as companies or corporations and multinationals, non-governmental entities or immigrants as a cohesive minority conform with awareness of its political role and its contribution to employment in a particular country.
They have begun to consider international actors able to influence the development and implementation of these policies are national or international state where they are, because they have developed effective mechanisms for economic and media pressure to name a few, aimed at force, shape, prevent or transform the intentions of the States in relation to matters that concern them or affect them.
These global players cross state borders in its claims and actions because even not belonging to or living in areas where policies or measures are applied, excite posture changes in the other actors responsible for implementation. Such is the typical case of the Cuban exiles living in the United States constantly pressuring the government in Washington to adopt one or another foreign policy towards Cuba, or for example Algerian or Moroccan residents for France to be positioned within of
European Union regarding the policies that affect the countries of origin of these citizens, and finally in reverse, as is the case of migrant-sending countries especially the third world who see their nationals abroad a community very important and from which benefit from substantial remittances.
States then have begun to realize that the exercise of national sovereignty, he is gradually undergoing questioning by transnational actors, which in the case of immigration is embodied in a constant flow of people that pass through a porous borders and are hinting at the limits of manageability and control that the state should have.
Raised the previous ideas and referring to the sovereignty per se. We first claim that in their genesis authors agree fairly unanimous that corresponds to the very birth of the State, the latter understood as the political and consensual government by men living in a given territory.
But in trying to find a single definition there is no greater consensus since Bodin, Hobbes. Montesquieu, Rousseau, and other celebrations began to shape and develop the concept from the sixteenth century to the present day, since it seems difficult to find one that meets all the aspirations of those who interpreted and studied from different branches of scientific knowledge especially humanistic in political science and law.
But politics in the dictionary of Mexican Andrés Rojas Serra find a satisfactory definition for both its conceptual dimensions as covering:
Sovereignty can now be defined as the ability of a State to determine for himself and commitments and obligations without the need for further approval of any other power greater than or equal to her own. This suggests that sovereignty has two manifestations one internal, which means that the supreme power within a state, lies in the state and external state means that no matter how powerful, can intervene in private affairs of another State unless in the exercise of sovereignty of the State concerned is attached to a supranational organization and will adopt measures that have internal repercussions of that State. The
formation of these does not dissolve the sovereignty of Member States, but rather consolidates’ \
State sovereignty as this double feature is observed in terms of projection: the first and absolute power to command obedience imperium ad intra (even with the use of force is legitimate holder whose only him) to his subjects by political and existing legal in what is considered the state territory, safekeeping and administration which also depends on its exclusive authority. As a second feature and ad extra, and involves not be interfered in its internal affairs rule to foreign states or governments.
But in speaking of the migration process, “Whither is precisely at the boundary Located Between domestic and international state. Sobereignty dellnition in place is by the discretion of status as to admit or expel aliens” [4]. ie the concept is restricted and is mainly associated with personal control measures that the State or territorial sovereign exercises its laws and institutions to try to keep the flow of people adhered to the design of the proposed policies.
Migration then having that cross-border element, means that a significant impact in some areas of power and control to the sovereign state possesses. Touch among others, to those areas traditionally regarded as the powers of a State such as:
A) The control and monitoring of access to national territory and the establishment in the same for the considered non-nationals, is a component of sovereignty over the management generates impotence of nation states, especially because the penetration of illegal immigration across borders is much more evident, media and so influential in international opinion and the voters in a society that perceives the filters of visas in the countries of origin that exclude unwanted immigration.
The hearing and present in detail on the news, the incapacity of certain countries with large land borders to impose controls and sanctions contained in the legislation in force for positive straitjacket of immigrant flows and amounts established channels, either because the resources and facilities are inadequate or because the government plans and forecasts have been overwhelmed by circumstances, or simply because the phenomenon has taken on a momentum that is now very difficult to stop or slow down with mere coercive or supervisory measures.
B) The issue of migration on host societies has been involved in independent and exclusive power of setting immigration policy, since depending on the social, material, or legislative, the host will have to restrict their autonomy and discretion in the process of immigration policy, against the establishment of channels for international cooperation and agreements (whether economic, police and logistics), especially with the countries from human contingent.
It has gone from independence to interdependence, because it is not the sole responsibility of the issuing state or solely attributable to immigrants, but the host nation also has participation in the share of responsibility for supporting migration and also in the development and promotion of solutions and proposals as they deem advisable to handle it.
Also in the legislative process and sanction of the nation state in matters touching on immigration, because governments have been directly before submitting to the legislature the bills, which enter into negotiations to agree the content and extent of positive law is of most consistent with the aspirations and demands of NGOs, trade unions, voters and other pressure groups or even domestic institutions or international organizations and third countries.
The most influential sectors and organizations move to guarantee the rights of minorities living in or seeking access to the host country, even though it is understood that the process of constitutional lawmaking is reserved exclusively and without interference to the holders of legislative bodies sovereignty of the people represented in the chambers, so that “this contrasts relative messines With An Earlier Period When states presumably a much clearer Held and unchallenged sway over inmigration.”,>
We can see that the nation-state is doubly depressed, from low and internally by groups or organizations within their own national life, and externally by agencies and other international players who are always concerned with the movement of people across borders and the consequences this entails for each of them.
On the other hand the official institutions responsible for enforcing compliance with the laws and the implementation and enforcement of sanctions on the grounds of immigration or immigrants must show at least apparently very consistent and cautious with their own legal system. Especially when the architecture of legal (if more developed countries, especially Western Europeans) stands in the highest-modern conceptions of security and civil liberties, otherwise conflict with senior normative principles that provide protection to people by the mere fact of being (beyond the concept of nationality or discrimination) and that some opposition political force, media activism or organization not blame immigration issues.
